One of the issues that has attracted the attention of financial institutions, policymakers and researchers worldwide in recent years is the issue of financial inclusion. This is due to the vital role that financial inclusion can play in boosting economic growth, reducing poverty and inequality and improving the welfare of communities. Therefore, in this study, the causal relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion was examined. For this purpose, in the first step, the required index for financial inclusion is calculated using the multidimensional index for the ECO Countries over the period 2004-2018. then utilizing the Bootstrap Granger causality test, the issue was examined. The results show that in Iran, there is a two-way relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion. In Azerbaijan, the cause of economic growth is financial inclusion while in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Turkey, financial inclusion is the cause of economic growth.

Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of financial development on the economies of countries. But so , The present study, considering the problem of inhomogeneity using the Granger Markov Switching causality approach, investigates the nonlinear causal relationship between the size and financial depth of the financial sector and economic growth in Iran during the period 1352-1399. Value-added variables of the financial sector as a percentage of GDP as a variable of the size of the financial sector and the ratio of loans granted by the banking system to government and non-government to GDP as an indicator of independent financial depth Findings of this study show that in regime one (during 1362-1399), there is a two-way causal relationship between economic growth and financial size. Whereas in the zero regime, there was a one-way causal relationship from economic growth to financial one. Also, the findings of the study in examining the relationship between economic growth and financial development index, show that in the zero regime (during the years 1387-1387) there is a one-way causal relationship from financial depth to economic growth. While in the first regime no causal relationship was found between the two variables

Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of financial development on the economies of countries. But so , The present study, considering the problem of inhomogeneity using the Granger Markov Switching causality approach, investigates the nonlinear causal relationship between the size and financial depth of the financial sector and economic growth in Iran during the period 1352-1399. Value-added variables of the financial sector as a percentage of GDP as a variable of the size of the financial sector and the ratio of loans granted by the banking system to government and non-government to GDP as an indicator of independent financial depth Findings of this study show that in regime one (during 1362-1399), there is a two-way causal relationship between economic growth and financial size. Whereas in the zero regime, there was a one-way causal relationship from economic growth to financial one. Also, the findings of the study in examining the relationship between economic growth and financial development index, show that in the zero regime (during the years 1387-1387) there is a one-way causal relationship from financial depth to economic growth. While in the first regime no causal relationship was found between the two variables

this empirical analysis endeavors to trace out the causal nexus between core inflation and economic growth from the perspective of twenty worlds’ leading economy with the help of the nonlinear Granger causality approach by using time series data from 1981 to 2016. Based on nonlinear Granger causality results, it has been found that there is unidirectional casualty running from core inflation to economic growth in Belgium, Denmark, Franc, Greece, India, Norway, and Portugal as well as Sweden. In these countries, core inflation is causing economic growth. As per as Australia, Canada, Germany, Greece, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom is concerned the outcome of causality analysis documents that there is unidirectional causality running from economic growth towards the core inflation. Finally, the analysis also manifests that there is no causality running from core inflation towards the economic growth and vice-versa in Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, and Spain.

Many studies have been done about inflation in all developed and developing countries and they have tried to analyze and assess the factors affecting inflation. However, few studies have been done on the causality of inflation. In this study, we have tried to use time series methods to identify different variables that have the greatest impact on inflation in Iran.The purpose of this paper is to find causal relationships between the imports of consumption, intermediate and capital goods in one hand and inflation on the other hand during the period 1980-2010 in Iranian economy. In this study, we have tried to identify different variables that their time series have the greatest impact on inflation in Iran, Therefore, in this study we have considered the different variables of the consumer price index (inflation rate), liquidity, per capita GNP, free market exchange rate, the adjusted ratio of budget deficit to GDP (BD, GDP), as well as imports of capital, consumption and intermediate goods. In this study, VAR model, error correction model and Granger causality test are used and the resultd confirm one-way and two-way relationship between inflation and and different types of imports.

For more than a century, the causal relationship between government size and economic growth has been a challenging issue in the public sector economics. However, there is no theoretical or empirical consensus among economists on this issue. Accordingly, it seems that the best way to resolve these theoretical and empirical contradictions is experimentally investigation the causal relationship between government size and economic growth in each country. Therefore, this paper investigates the causal relationship between government size and economic growth using the Markov-Switching Granger Causality Approach in Iran over the period 1967-2017. The findings confirmed the existence of a non-linear causal relationship between government size and economic growth and showed that government size had a significant negative effect on economic growth in the form of a two-regime structure (regime Zero: 1966-2002 and regime one: 1983-1987), although this negative effect was greater in regime one than in regime zero. This larger negative effect can be rooted in the fact that the share of current expenditure in total government expenditure was significantly larger in the years related to regime one (compared to regime zero). Finally, contrary to Wagnerchr('39')s law, Findings did not confirm the positive and significant effect of economic growth on government size in Iranian economy.

Conditions of countries show whether human capital is considered as an investment or consumption good? This issue is of a great importance in oil producing countries and many researchers believe that human capital has a minor effect on economic growth and it is considered as a consumption good in this group of countries.In this paper it is tried to test the short and long run Granger causality between human capital and the growth of GDP and at the same time between human capital and the growth of non-oil GDP in Iran during the period of 1340-1380. According to Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) results, there exists a bilateral relationship between human capital and non-oil economic growth in short and long run, hence, human capital is considered as an investment capital. But the derived results on the relationship between human capital and economic growth shows that there is no Granger causal relationship between the variables in short run, whilst, the relationship is bilateral in long run. So, it is concluded that the human capital is considered as consumption good for the Iranian economy in short run and investment good in the long run.